HORMONES

1. Growth Hormone (GH) – stimulates growth of bone and muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases carbohydrate metabolism (Anterior Pituitary).

2. Oxytoxin – stimulates the force of uterine contraction during labor and delivery, facilitates milk ejection from breasts after birth; synthesis by hypothalamus (Posterior Pituitary).

3. Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4 – Triiodothyronine, thyroxine) – Increase the metabolic rate; increase protein and bone turnover; increase responsiveness to cathecolamines; necessary for fetal and infant growth and development (Thyroid – follicular cells).

4. Glucagon – Increases blood glucose concentration by stimulation of glycogenolysis and glyconeogenesis (Pancreatic islet cells).

5. Erythropoietin – Increases red blood cell production (kidney).

6. Estrogen – affects development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics; controls growth of the uterine lining during the first part of the menstrual cycle, causes changes in the breasts during adolescence and pregnancy and regulates various other metabolic processes, including bone growth and cholesterol levels. (Ovaries).

7. Progesterone – Influences menstrual cycle; stimulates growth of uterine wall; maintains pregnancy; increases after ovulation in the middle of a woman's cycle to prepare the lining to receive and nourish a fertilized egg so it can develop into a fetus. (Ovaries).

8. Androgens / Testosterone – Affect development of male reproductive organ and secondary sex characteristic; aid in sperm production (Testes).

9. Leptin – Decreases appetite and food intake; increases sympathetic activity and metabolic rate, decreases insulin secretion to reduce fat storage; a 16 kDa protein hormone that plays a key role in regulating energy intake and energy expenditure, including appetite and metabolism. (Adipose cells).

10. Calcitonin – known to participate in calcium and phosphorus metabolism; Lowers blood calcium and phosphate levels; Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide cleaved from a larger prohormone. It contains a single disulfide bond, which causes the amino terminus to assume the shape of a ring. (Thyroid C cells).

11. Antidiuretic Hormone – A relatively small (peptide) molecule that is released by the pituitary gland at the base of the brain after being made in the hypothalamus; Increases water reabsorption by kidney (Posterior Pituitary).

12. Gastrin – Stimulates release of hydrochloric acid in stomach; aids in gastric motility; a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells of the duodenum and in the pyloric antrum of the stomach. It is secreted into the bloodstream. (Gastrointestinal Tract).

13. Cholescystokinin – Stimulates release of pancreatic secretion (GI Tract).

14. Secretin – Stimulates release of pancreatic enzymes, gallbladder contraction (GI Tract).

15. Resistin – suppresses insulin’s ability to stimulate glucose uptake by adipose tissue (Adipose cells).