HISTORICAL FIGURES

• FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE – stressed the significance of emotional support.


• LINDA RICHARDS – first graduates psychiatric nurse in the US.

• HARRIET BAILEY – published the first Psychiatric Nursing textbook “Nursing Mental Disease”

• MADELINE LEININGER – stressed the importance of Community - Based care.

• BENJAMIN RUSH – “Father of American Psychiatry”
- Emphasized the need for pleasant surrounding, diversional and MORAL TREATMENT.
- Rush’s treatment
- Bloodletting
- Administration of cold and hot baths
- Harsh purgatives
- Emetic
- Inducement of fright or shock
- TRANQUILIZER CHAIR – extremities were strapped down. It produced calming effects and reduction in motor activity and pulse rate.
- GYRATOR – is a shock therapy consisting of a rotating, swinging platform, strapped and moved at a high speed. It increases cerebral circulation.

• PHILLIPPE PINEL – emphasized an atmosphere of kindness and understanding. He proved that releasing the insane from chains and providing moral treatment improved their prospect.

• WILLIAM TUKE – played major role in increasing public awareness of the vile living conditions/treatment of those suffering from mental illness. He established “York Retreat” – which provide comfort, security, and safety for mentally ill.

• FRANZ ANTON MESNER – used a form of hypnotism, a dream like trance, to explore the basis of neurosis. “MESMERISM”.

• DOROTHEA LYNDE - renewed public and legislative concern improved standards of care for the mentally ill, which led to proliferation of state hospitals.

• ADOLPH MEYER – initiated the psychobiological theory and dynamic concept of psychiatric care. He emphasized the need to study the person’s whole environment to determine its effect on the total personality.


• CLIFFORD BEERS – who himself had been treated for mental illness. “A Mind That Found Itself” is a descriptive account of his tormenting experiences in mental institution. He played a major role in establishing the MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT.

• EMIL KRAEPELIN – devised a classification of mental disorders, which gave momentum to the advancement of psychiatry.

• EUGEN BLEULER – one of the Kraepelin’s students, coined the term “Schizophrenia”.

• SIGMUND FREUD – credited with the development of psychoanalysis, psychosexual theories and neurosis. He popularized the term Catharsis.

• CARL GUSTAV JUNG – he was one of the earliest neo- Freudians who later founded “ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY”. Proposed and originated the concepts of extroverted and introverted personality.

• KAREN HORNEY - he objected that neurosis and personality development were based on biological drives rather he suggested that neurosis stem from cultural factors and impaired interpersonal relationship.

• HARRY STACK SULLIVAN – postulated the hypothesis of interpersonal theory and stimulated the development of multidisciplinary approaches to psychiatric and milieu therapy.

• HILDEGARD PEPLAU – her concepts and perspective were developed into nursing theory, which became the basis of interpersonal processes in nursing.

• GWEN TUDOR – she stressed the significance of social context and its impact on the nurses’ attitude and response to their client’s needs and subsequent mental health.

• JUNE MELLOW – she stressed the influence of the nurse-client relationship and the nursinh process on client outcomes.